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History of Computers - The existence of technology is very helpful in human life in carrying out their various jobs. Technology makes people feel no difficulty, so that they will be facilitated in their respective jobs. Like today, for example, there are computers that have been created several years ago, thus creating a computer history that needs to be known.
Like a double-edged sword, technology can be useful if used properly. Conversely, if it is used for things that are not right then technology becomes useless. Smart people in their time created various inventions which until now have experienced continuous development, giving rise to new technologies.
Like for example the invention of the bicycle which in ancient times had big wheels and now you can see the difference. These changes are made so that someone can feel the benefits and comfort in using the technology. Likewise with computers that currently have various forms.
For that as humans, we should know the history of computers and their development which can certainly open your vision about computers. But before that, you need to know in advance the definition of computer and its functions so that you are not wrong in using the computer. The following is a definition of a computer and its functions.
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Computers are tools that are usually used to process data based on predetermined standard rules. A computer also has the definition of an electronic device that has several components that work together and form a single system. So that a computer system can run various programs.
Linguistically, the computer comes from the Greek, namely computare. The word computare is a combination of the words com which means to combine and turn which means to think about calculations. While in English, computing is called to compute or calculate.
If described according to expert opinion, a computer can be interpreted as a tool that can perform tasks to receive input, process input, store, and create output. The opinion of Robert H. Blissmer is also the understanding of computer systems which are currently widely used for various electronic devices.
According to Elias M. Awad, a computer is a calculating device that can process data which is then presented in the form of data. Both digital data and analog data. Meanwhile, according to William M. Fuori, a computer is a tool for processing data that can also perform calculations quickly.
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If you are asked a question about what the function of a computer is, surely some of you will answer with a variety of different answers. Some answered for work, playing games, watching movies, and so on. Actually, the computer has 4 main functions that already exist in the understanding points above. Namely receiving input, processing input, storing input, and presenting output.
Input is one of the computer functions that is useful for receiving data and information from outside. Processing is a function that is useful for processing incoming data and will be stored in internal memory. While the output function is to display the data that has been entered and you can see the results.
The inventor of the first computer was Charles Babbage, known to the world as one of the inventors of the history of the first computer. Who has given a lot of work on human life until now, from his discovery.
Calculating engine or can be known as the Difference Engine no.1 which was invented by Charles Babbage. Is one of the icons, the most popular and famous in history.
Babbage is also known by the nickname of the father of computers, The Charles Babbage Foundation, he uses his name to honor services for his inventions to the world of computers.
History of Computer Development is always experiencing developments from generation to generation, always changing. and how the history of computers up to now can happen.
Of course, behind the process of computer history from ancient times to today, there is a start. We can call it the inventor of the computer, because computers have existed since the first until now.
The history of the development of the computer generation from the past, starting from the first generation of computers, second generation computers, third generation computers, fourth generation computers, until now the current generation, has been divided into 5 times, the development or generation of computers.
What is the history of each generation of computer development? as follows.
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The history of the first generation of computers is digital electronics or can be called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). Is one that is used as a general necessity.
The program at ENIAC, was designed in 1942, and only started in 1943 by John Presper Eckert and Dr. John W. Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (University of Pennsylvania) and completed in 1946.
The form of the ENIAC program is very large, in placing the program it requires a space of 500m2. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, 75,000 relays and switches, 10,000 capacitors and 70,000 resistors.
When put into operation, ENIAC requires a very large electrical power of 140 kilowatts. The machine weighs more than 30 tons, and takes up a lot of space 167 m2.
The first computer software that has been developed is the computer as a design for aircraft and missiles. One of the scientists who worked on the development concept was Konrad Zuse, an engineer from Germany.
In the mid-1940s, John Von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University Of Pennysylvania team. In the process of building a computer design concept for the next 40 years, it is still used in engineering in assembling computers.
Von Neumann designed the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) in 1945 with a memory to hold both programs and data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume its work.
The main role of the Von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit of the CPU (Central processor unit), which is capable of all computer functions being coordinated through a single source. The characteristics of the first generation of computers is the CPU.
The history of computer generation 1 has a special feature, namely instructions in operating are made specifically for a particular task. Every computer has a program like a binary-code.
Each different is called Machine Language (Machine Language). This makes computer programs difficult to program and limits their speed.
The central processing unit contained in generation 1 computers was the first machine used to operate the entire computer system.
The first computer equipment developed was the design of aircraft computers and guided missiles. The scientist who initiated the development concept was Konrad Zuse, an engineer from Germany.
Then, in the mid-1940s, the history of computers was changed again, starting further developments, which were carried out by John von Neuman.
The main characteristic of the first generation of computers is the CPU. The central processing unit contained in generation I computers was the first machine used to operate the entire computer system.
While the main program contained in the first generation of computers is "machine language".
Changes in Important discoveries have occurred in the second generation. Namely transistors, sophisticated tools that can maximize computer performance with only a very small size.
The discovery of this tool, able to influence the development of computers in the second generation, quickly. In the 1959-1960s, scientists started working on the second generation of computers.
Some of the agencies, companies, universities, and governments have taken advantage of the sophistication of the second generation of computers. The purpose of the invention of the second generation of computers is that the transistor, which is able to make the history of the second generation of computers, is smaller than the first generation of computers.
The first machine to use this latest technology was a super computer. IBM has made a supercomputer called Stretch, and Sprery-Rand and made a computer called LARC.
The history of computers developed in atomic energy laboratories, can handle large amounts of data, a capability that is in great demand by atomic researchers.
The price of these machines is very expensive and tends to be too complex, as a business computing requirement, thus limiting its popularity. Only two LARCs have been installed and deployed, one at Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the US Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC.
Second generation computers have replaced machine language with assembly language. And assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations instead of binary code.
In the early 1960s, the history of the second generation of computers began to emerge which had successfully launched in the business field, in universities and in government. This second generation computer is a computer that has fully used transistors.
They also have components that can be incorporated into today's computers such as printers, diskette storage, memory, operating systems, and programs.
One important example of a computer at this time is the IBM 1401 type which has been widely accepted in industry. By 1965, almost all large businesses were using second generation computers to process business financial information.
Programs that have been executed are stored in the computer and the programming language in it provides flexibility to the computer.
The first digital computers had a very large form size, as well as high costs to make. computer functions in the second generation are mostly used only for scientific calculations.
History Computers in the second generation also have their own storage system. That is, the main memory capacity in can from. Magnetic Core Storage and using external forms of storage, in the form of Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk.
Transistors compared to tubes, transistor technology is much easier and more efficient, as a switch and can be reduced to a microscopic scale.
In 2001 Intel researchers have introduced silicon in the smallest and fastest form in the world, with a size of 20 nanometers or equivalent to a billionth of a meter in size, which can be used in processors with speeds of 20 GHz ( Giga Hertz ).
In the era of the second generation of computers, it also marks the beginning of the emergence of minicomputers which are the second largest in the computer family. The price is cheaper than the first generation. The DEC PDP-8 computer was the first minicomputer created in 1964, for commercial data processing.
Other types of computers have appeared in this generation including the UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, 1107, and SS90, IBM 1400, 7080, 7070, and 1600.
The advantages of computers in this era are their efficient form which is not as big as before, computers in this generation are also wider in their application to life. Such as aspects of health, education, industry and others.
While the weakness of computers at this time is in terms of transistors which produce a lot of heat, which will potentially damage the internal parts of the computer, namely quartz rock.
In assembly language used codes such as abbreviations that replace binary code. This computer is able to calculate payroll, design products, print data so that this second generation computer is successful in the market.
The third generation of computers is a development that goes through a very rapid stage of the development of existing computers. The third generation of computers emerged from the 1964-1970s era.
In use, transistors make computer performance heat faster. Thus, making the second generation of computers began to be abandoned. Then one of the scientists named Jack Billy, tried to do research again.
Then in 1958, he had created a component that was even more sophisticated, compared to the transistor that made computers heat up quickly. His invention Namely IC or Integrated Circuit is a small chip that is able to collect and accommodate many components into one.
It is in this third generation that the history of computer technology, Integrated Circuit (IC) becomes one of the main characteristics. Because it is getting familiar and widely used on a computer device until the current generation.
IC was first made by a man named, Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959 which contained only six transistors. We can try to compare it with the current processors that we use already have millions, tens, hundreds of millions of transistors.
Even processors have been designed that have billions of transistors. From a remarkable development in less than half a century.
UNIVAC 9000, Burroughts 5700, 6700, 7700, IBM S/360, UNIVAC 1108, GE 600, CDC 3000, 6000, NCR Century, and 7000, PDP-8, and PDP-11 (manufacturer i.e. from Digital Equipment Corporation) History computer, above is an example of a third generation computer.
That way, the size of the computer becomes simpler and smaller. The third generation computer is also faster in the operating system sector and is able to run several programs simultaneously.
The fourth generation of computers is the regeneration of the 3rd generation, the indication that the IC in the 4th generation of computers is more complex and integrated than the previous generation, namely the third generation.
In the fourth generation, computers have started to use IC chips, then just started to be developed again. By Very Large Scale Integration company. To try to work on the development since the 1980s. As a result, a single chip can accommodate thousands of components.
Since 1970, there have been two developments that are considered generation 4 computers. First, the use of Large Scale Integration (LSI) which can be called Bipolar Large Large Scale Integration.
LSI is a compaction set of thousands of ICs, which are put together on an IC chip that we can call a chip. The term chip is used to denote a rectangular shaped plate containing an integrated IC circuit.
LSI can then be further developed into VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) which can accommodate tens of thousands and even hundreds of thousands of ICs.
Then it was developed again into a microcomputer, which uses a semiconductor and a microprocessor in the form of a chip. As a temporary internal computer memory, while the previous generation only used magnetic core storage.
The Intel company since 1971 has introduced 4-bit microcomputers that already use a processor chip called the 4004 which contains 230 transistors and runs at 108 KHz (Kilo-Hertz) and can execute up to 60,000 operations per second.
Continued again in 1972, Intel introduced a microcomputer with the name 8008 which is capable of processing 8 bits of information only at a time. This was followed by the 8080 microprocessor created in 1974, and which was the first general purpose processor to be developed.
Whereas previously the 4004 and 8008 processors were designed only for specific application needs, the 8080 processor has faster performance capabilities and has a richer instruction set, and has greater addressing capabilities.
The history of computers in the fourth generation has a monitor display, still using one color (green color).
The fourth generation computers include the Apple II, PDP-11, VisiCalc, and IBM 370, Apple I and Altair that already use the Intel 8080 processor, with the CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessor) operating system, with the Microsoft Basic programming language ( Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
Note that on these fourth generation computers, none of them are PC-Compatible or Macintosh-Compatible. So that this generation does not yet have a standard for a computer, especially a personal computer (PC).
From here, the term "personal computer" or PC emerged. That is, computer equipment began to be marketed to the individual sector. Of course, it doesn't stop there, the newest computer device that is easy to carry everywhere, namely the laptop.
The fifth generation of computers, namely at this time, is being developed by various electronics vendors. Fifth generation computers are often referred to as future generation computers.
In subsequent developments there will be many major changes that have occurred since IBM-PC was introduced and is not the only PC-compatible manufacturer.
Then the new standard in the world of the PC industry, will be more widely applied and developed by other companies. Like Intel and Microsoft, pioneered by W.Bill Gates, which has now become a pioneer in world hardware and software standards.
Some of the evidences include the emergence of smartphones, tablets, phablets, netbooks, ultrabooks, and many more, the latest inventions at this time that we can find.
The history of the development of the fifth generation of computers is the computer, which we use today. This generation is marked by the emergence. LSI (Large Scale Integration) which is the compaction of thousands of microprocessors in a microprocessor at this time.
In addition, it is also marked by the emergence of semi-conductors and microprocessors.
Companies that have made micro-processors include Intel Corporation, Zilog, Motorola, and many others. In the market we can find it easily, with the microprocessor from Intel with models 4004, 80386, 8088, 80286, 80486, and Pentium.
Pentium four is the latest production output from the Intel Corporation which is expected in the future to cover the shortcomings and all existing weaknesses. on the previous product. In addition, the ability and speed of the Pentium-4 has also increased to 2 Ghz.
In 2001 Intel has successfully launched the Itanium processor, which is a processor based on the first 64 bit architecture (IA-64) from Intel products.
Itanium is Intel's first processor with 64-bit instructions and will release a new generation of operating systems and applications, while Intel products still maintain backward compatibility with 32-bit software.
It should be understood in advance that since the release of the 386 processor, computers have been able to operate at 32 bits per unit time in executing information up to the Pentium 4. At this time, most computers used are still 32-bit based.
In the pentium generation, in addition to its distinctive features of increasing data access speed performance and also the image display already has good resolution (image quality) and color and multimedia also supports, and more importantly, the function of computer components becomes smarter.
Although computers in the current generation, with physical size are becoming smaller and simpler, they have increasingly smart and sophisticated capabilities in operating.
In this fifth generation, efforts have been made to develop what is called Josephson Junction, a technology that can replace chips. Which can have the performance of processing trillions of operations per second, while chip technology can only process billions of operations per second.
Computers in the fifth generation will be able to translate human language, humans can directly talk to computers as well as the ability to save computer energy.
The extraordinary nature can be called "Artificial Intelligence", besides that it is also based on GUI (Graphic User Interface), multicommunication and multimedia.
Examples of computers that have been born in the fifth generation, which are already x86-based, such as the 286 chip which was introduced in 1982 with 134,000 transistors, then the 386 chip in 1983 with 275,000 transistors, then the 486 chip introduced in 1989 which has 1.2 million transistors. .
Then in 1993 Intel began to introduce a family of 586 processors called the Pentium 1 and the number of transistors was 3.1 million to perform 90 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second). Then it was continued to the next generation, namely Pentium 2, 3, and 4.
The images displayed in this generation become smoother and sharper, in addition to the speed of processing performance, and sending or receiving images is also getting faster.
With today's computer technology, it is difficult to imagine what the computer of the future will be like. With the technology that exists at this time, we seem to have been able to "hold the world" because of the sophistication we have.
From the technological side of some of the world's computer scientists, have the belief that one day there will be created, what is called a biochip, which is made of synthetic protein material. Robots made with materials like this will later become like artificial humans.
While the technology that is currently in the research process is microoptics, as well as audio input-output that can be used for future generations of computers. Computer scientists are now getting started in trying to assemble computers that do not require writing and programming by the user.
This programless computer may form the main feature of the computer generation that will be developed in the future.
In principle, the characteristics of computers in the future are more sophisticated and cheaper and have the ability to see, speak, hear, and be more sophisticated. And able to make conclusions like humans.
This means that fifth-generation computers have artificial intelligence, which approximates human capabilities and behavior. Another plus, intelligence to predict an event that will happen, can communicate directly with humans, and its smaller form has a lot of computer history, which we can meet.
But we cannot deny that pen and paper are writing tools and symbols that we naturally accept, it is only a matter of time until someone finds the latest sophisticated product with the concept of a smart pen or smart paper.
After knowing the definition of computers and computer functions, of course you must know the history of computers and their development. So that when you are later asked about the complete history of computers, you can explain precisely. For that, the following is a complete history of the computer.
The creation of a computer for the first time was created in 1946 and used a vacuum tube for the raw components of this computer. The use of vacuum tubes is very inefficient because it can generate excess heat and require large electrical power. This computer was made by Mauchly using 18,000 vacuum tubes measuring 1800 ft 2 and weighing 30 tons.
This first generation computer still uses machine language as its programming language. Machine language itself is also the most basic programming language and can only be understood by computers. At one time, the first generation of computers could solve problems with limited capabilities.
The input used in this first generation computer used a punched card or a punched card and paper tape. As for the output used, the first generation of computers used the output in the form of a print-out . Almost about 1 million dollars was spent on making the most amazing computer of its time.
The history of computers continues with the generation of transistors. The existence of this transistor can also be a sign of the emergence of the second generation of computers. So that the vacuum tube was replaced with this transistor which could improve the technology at that time.
This transistor technology was used around 1959 to 1965. If you look again, the size of the transistor is much smaller than the vacuum tube. Apart from the size, the heat generated is also less. Not only that, the failure rate tends to be smaller. Thus, the transistor can be a better computer than a computer with a vacuum tube.
For the programming language used on this computer, of course using a different programming language. If previously using machine language, this generation uses assembly language . During this time, the CBOL and FORTRAN programming languages were also being developed.
For the third generation, computers at this time use integrated circuits or ICs instead of transistors. The transistors in the previous generation were reduced and then placed on the IC which consisted of various transistors, resistors, and capacitors. This technology was first developed by an electrical engineer named Jack Kilby.
Jack Kilby was later awarded the Nobel Prize for the invention of this third generation computer. This is because his invention can make computers faster and more efficient and make computers with ICs faster than previous generations.
In addition, the IC computer was the first computer to use a keyboard and monitor which previously still used paper. Due to its smaller size and low price, people in those days could afford this computer.
The history of computers and their development continues to the microprocessor which is still used by the public, including the people of Indonesia. The beginning of this microprocessor computer was made by IBM in 1971, then in 1984 Apple released the Macintosh.
The birth of this generation of microprocessor computers also marked the birth of the internet. The development of this computer can be seen with the GUI as a display, mouse, and portable computer or laptop.
The history of computers and their development continues to this day until the creation of a technology called AI. The next generation of AI computers means this artificial intelligence can perform better inputs.
Even with this AI technology, we can input the language spoken everyday and can study the surrounding environment and adjust the situation. So that AI technology is considered to be the latest breakthrough from computers, it is not uncommon for many developers to use AI systems.
The existence of technology today can facilitate human work in their work, one of these tools is a computer. The definition of a computer itself can be interpreted as a tool to receive input and process it which can then display output.
The history of computers continues to grow from time to time which has been stated in the points above. By knowing the complete history of this computer, the definition of a computer, and the functions of this computer, of course, we can open our minds. In addition, we can accept the times and can make good use of technology.
Well maybe that's the history of computers that you should know, hopefully the examples of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth generation computers that I have conveyed with their respective computer images, above can add to your insight, so that it can make a history of computer papers that are always remembered and learn all the time, Thank you .
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